Cellexus Limited Cell Culture Biosystems

CellMaker disposable bioreactors for Normal human Cells

Bayer process during the production of alumina Inorganic Amendments for the Remediation of Cadmium-Contaminated Soils

mud reagents

Red Mud

Red mud is a product of the Bayer process during the production of alumina (Hairi et al., 2015). As the temperature and pressure increases, the solubility of red mud decreases with sodium hydroxide (Nie et al., 2016). Its composition depends upon its parent material from which it is produced (Liu and Wu, 2012). It is present in the form of slurry having 10–30% solid materials (Milačič et al., 2012). Its pH ranging from 10.67 measured by Italian standard soil analysis 1:2.5 ratio and also has greater ionic strength (Hua et al., 2017).

Chemical analysis revealed that it contains silica, iron, calcium, titanium, and aluminum, and has minimal concentrations of elements such as sodium, potassium, chromium, nickel, zinc, copper, etc. Moreover, its chemical composition is given as follows:

Red mud is composed of minerals such as hematite, gibbsite, calcite, quartz, goethite, diaspore, rutile, kaolinite, etc. (Wang and Liu, 2012) measured using an X-ray diffractometer. The specific weight of red mud is 2.77 gcm – 3 measured by a gas pycnometer. According to the particle size distribution, it is a very fine material and has a high surface area (Wang and Liu, 2012).

Red mud has a greater sorption capacity than any other inorganic addition because it has a large amount of hydroxides that are used in the adsorption and precipitation mechanism to remove Cd from water, and it has a large amount of Al and Fe oxides (Wang et al., 2008a). At low pH, red mud works well in removing Cd from the soil (Liu et al., 2011). Cd is more available at low pH; red mud raises the pH and stabilizes the pH due to this Cd adsorption, which increases and decreases the bioavailability of Cd (Worden et al., 2009). The use of red mud to decontaminate Cd is therefore an effective and environmentally friendly technique (Panda et al., 2017).

Mud Reagents
Mud Reagents

Anthropogenic Impacts

Though a colossal amount of red mud was discarded into the GOC for over half a century, effects on local marine food webs are unknown. Environmental concerns caused by disposal of red mud relate to its high alkalinity and sodicity (Paramguru et al., 2005; Power et al., 2011) and its documented hazards to sea life (Blackman and Wilson, 1973; Dauvin, 2010; Dethlefsen and Rosenthal, 1973; Pagano et al., 2002). Because red mud is a valuable resource that can be reused (e.g. Paramguru et al., 2005; Pontikes and Angelopoulos, 2013), systematic dumping of millions of tonnes at sea, let alone within a semienclosed Gulf such as the GOC, is not only hazardous but also wasteful.

High levels of metals were found in seagrass (Posidonia oceanica) from the Bay of Antikyra (Malea et al., 1994), an area where levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments, and concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane and its metabolites (DDTs) in Mediterranean mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) were among the highest sampled throughout Greece (Botsou and Hatzianestis, 2012; Tsangaris et al., 2010, 2011). In the present study, distribution modelling showed no strong correlation between red mud deposits and dolphin occurrence.

Because striped dolphins tend to be epi- and mesopelagic feeders and red mud dumping impacts predominantly the seafloor, avoidance would not be expected. However, indirect effects such as contamination up the food web are possible (Jepson et al., 2016). Bottlenose dolphins are primarily benthic feeders, and thus any use of the area is likely to result in direct and indirect exposure to toxic contaminants, with unknown health effects.

 

 

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cadmium orthophosphate
20-abx186402
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  • 25 g
  • 5 g

Cadmium iodide, 99%
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Cadmium selenide, 99.99+%
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Cadmium selenide, 99.99+%
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Cadmium fluoride, 99.99+%
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Cadmium fluoride, 99.99+%
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EUR 488.9

Cadmium fluoride, 99.99+%
GX8224-25 25
EUR 220.1

Cadmium carbonate, 99.999%
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EUR 251

Cadmium telluride, 99.99+%
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Cadmium Foil 1.0mm, 99.99%
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Cadmium Foil 1.0mm, 99.99%
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Cadmium Foil 0.5mm, 99.99%
GX2652-100 100
EUR 448.2

Cadmium Foil 0.5mm, 99.99%
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EUR 137.2

Cadmium Foil 0.125mm, 99.999%
GX2581-100 100
EUR 216.7

Cadmium Foil 0.125mm, 99.999%
GX2581-50 50
EUR 96.4

Cadmium Foil 0.25mm, 99.99%
GX0787-100 100
EUR 412.1

Cadmium Foil 0.25mm, 99.99%
GX0787-50 50
EUR 119.1

Cadmium sulfate hydrate, 98+%
GX9718-100 100
EUR 107

Cadmium acetate dihydrate, 98+%
GX5619-100 100
EUR 104

Cadmium sulfate, anhydrous, 99.99+%
GX7317-50 50
EUR 237.9

Cadmium acetate anhydrous, 99.999%
GX8912-25 25
EUR 439.9

Cadmium acetate anhydrous, 99.999%
GX8912-5 5
EUR 149.2

Cadmium Powder -325 mesh, 99.5%
GX1084-100 100
EUR 194

ICP Std Cadmium 1000ug/mL in 2% HCl
PCD2A3 100ML
EUR 120.12

ICP Std Cadmium 1000ug/mL in 2% HCl
PCD2C3 500ML
EUR 257.2

Cadmium chloride, anhydrous, 99+%
GX1555-100 100
EUR 194.7

ICP Std Cadmium 1000ug/mL in 0.5M HNO3
PCD2C4 500ML
EUR 305.51

ICP Std Cadmium 10000ug/mL in 3.5% HNO3
PCD4B4-500ML 500ML
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Ion Selective Electrode Std Cadmium 1000ppm
ISECD5 500ML
EUR 165.81

Cadmium Sulfate, 1 M, 100 ML
M-CSS-152 4 x 25 ml
EUR 143
Description: Cadmium Sulfate, 1 M, 100 ML

ICP Std Cadmium 1000ug/mL in 2-5% HCl
PCD2B3 250ML
EUR 214.12

ICP Std Cadmium 10000ug/mL in 2-5% HCl
PCD4B3 250ML
EUR 279.4

IC Cation Std Cadmium 1000ppm in 0.005% HNO3
ICCB09 500ML
EUR 408.65

IC Cation Std Cadmium 1000ppm in 0.005% HNO3
ICCS09 100ML
EUR 157.98

ICP Std Cadmium 1000ug/mL in 2-5% HNO3
PCD2B2 250ML
EUR 213.6

ICP Std Cadmium 1000ug/mL in 2-5% HNO3
PCD2C2 500ML
EUR 300

ICP Std Cadmium 10000ug/mL in 2-5% HNO3
PCD4A2 100ML
EUR 207.6

ICP Std Cadmium 10000ug/mL in 2-5% HNO3
RPCD4B2 250ML
EUR 355.12

Cadmium Chloride, 1 M, 100 ML
M-CSS-151 4 x 25 ml
EUR 143
Description: Cadmium Chloride, 1 M, 100 ML

Cadmium Granules 1-5 mm, 99.9999%
GX7208-250 250
EUR 488.9

Cadmium Granules 1-5 mm, 99.9999%
GX7208-50 50
EUR 195.6

Cadmium Granules 1-5 mm, 99.999%
GX2578-250 250
EUR 373

Cadmium Granules 1-5 mm, 99.999%
GX2578-50 50
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Cadmium Rod 10 mm diameter, 99.9%
GX4548-140 140
EUR 119.1

Cadmium Rod 8 mm diameter, 99.999%
GX1723-250 250
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VacciGel Direct ELISA for the measurement of HCG (contamination) in Vaccines formulated in Alum, 48 tests, Quantitative
VAC-HCG-50 1 Kit
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Cadmium Wire 1.0 mm diameter, 99.999%
GX6019-1 1
EUR 177.5